Abstract

Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive, single-stranded RNA viruses with ~ 30 kb genetic material. The life cycle of the virus in the host takes place in five steps: attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release. Defined as a functional receptor for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, ACE2 is highly expressed in lung epithelial cells. Therefore, it primarily affects the respiratory system and also has effects on other organ systems. Understanding the antigen presentation of the SARS-CoV-2 will help us understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Here, it is thought that the diversity of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) may be important in the response to the disease and immune system. HLA-DR * 0301, HLA-Cw * 1502 and HLA-A * 0201 alleles have been reported to be associated with protection from SARS infection. The table, which starts with the increase of proinflammatory cytokines in some patients, induces a dysfunctional immune response that triggers a cytokin storm mediating widespread lung inflammation by activation in other inflammatory cytokines. Antibody dependent increase (ADE) is another controversial mechanism in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and it has been reported to cause increased viral infection damage. In ACE, it is estimated that cellular uptake can be promoted by binding of virus peptides bound to immune complexes to FcγRIIa on the cell surface.